By GreenMedInfo Research Group • Originally published on GreenMedInfo
Yes, cruciferous vegetables are a healthy choice. But you’ll be amazed at all the incredible cruciferous vegetables benefits.
Everyone knows that eating vegetables has profound health benefits. But, like all foods, not all vegetables are created the same. Some are better than others in terms of nutritional content, and overall contribution to vibrant health. If you look more closely at their phytochemical [plant-based chemical] content, or the growing amount of research into their specific effects on the body and disease, a few vegetables appear to be downright “miracle” foods!
One such group of veggies are those of the Brassica family; commonly known as cruciferous. These include broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, radish, rutabaga, turnip and even arugula.
What makes this group of veggies so special? Sulforaphane.
Sulforaphane is a phytochemical abundant in cruciferous vegetables, and it’s been getting a ton of attention from researchers. But it all starts with glucoraphanin.
Sulforaphane is produced when the enzyme myrosinase converts glucoraphanin, a glucosinolate (a natural compound found in some plants), through a chemical reaction induced by damage to the plant, such as cutting or chewing. As such, glucoraphanin is known as the precursor to sulforaphane.
It just so happens that cruciferous vegetables contain a remarkable amount of glucoraphanin. Which makes them powerhouses of nature. Let me tell you why.
There is a growing body of research into the wide array of applications for sulforaphane across the gamut of diseases and health issues. In fact, hundreds of studies have been carried out across the globe, since the first scientist, esteemed John Hopkins researcher Paul Talalay, realized this chemical’s potential in 1992. [1]
In this study, Talalay and his team explored and confirmed the anticarcinogenic properties of broccoli and sulforaphane. [2]
Since then, Talalay has dedicated many more years to researching sulforaphane, going so far as to found The Brassica Chemoprotection Laboratory [3][4], no doubt helping inspire the continuing generations of scientists who want to know the truth about what plants and their compounds can do for the betterment of humanity.
With that in mind, here are the top ten reasons to eat your cruciferous vegetables.
1. Anti-Cancer Benefits
Sulforaphane is increasingly referred to as an anticancer compound. This reputuation is linked mainly to sulforaphane’s potent antioxidant and antiflammatory properties, not dissimilar to turmeric (curcumin). In fact, one promising, albeit preclinical study found that the combination of sulforaphane, aspirin and curcumin was effective for the chemoprevention of pancreatic cancer. [5]
It doesn’t stop there, however. Sulforaphane has been studied for the prevention and treatment of several types of cancer, including stomach, bladder, breast, prostate, lung, colon and skin.
Specifically, research indicates sulforaphane “possesses the capacity to intervene in multistage carcinogenesis through the modulation and/or regulation of important cellular mechanisms” and “to be selectively toxic to malignant cells.” [6]
Other notable findings:
- Evidence supports high intakes of Brassica vegetables reduce prostate cancer risk [7]
- Potent doses of broccoli sprout extract activate a ‘detoxification’ gene and may help prevent cancer recurrence in survivors of head and neck cancer [9]
- Cruciferous vegetables contain extracts that are effective at inhibiting lung adenocarcinomas (a malignant tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue) [10] colon polyps [11] and skin cancer [12–14]
- In skin cancer research, the protection offered by sulforaphane “against a carcinogen in humans is catalytic and long lasting.” [15]
- Broccoli sprouts have been found to be as a rich source of antioxidants that improve the defensive system against oxidative stress in the human colon. In fact in a 2015 study, 57.33% reduction in oxidative DNA damage in NCM460 cells due to treatment with digested BS extract was observed. [16]
- Combined Sulforaphane and selenium treatment enhanced protection against free radical-mediated cell death provided by the cotreatment. [17]
2. Depression Relief
Cruciferous vegetables and sulforaphane may also have significant benefit for depression. An animal study published in 2015 found sulforaphane “has antidepressant and anxiolytic-like [anxiety reducing] activities in stressed mice model of depression, which likely occurs by inhibiting the hypothalamic.” [18]
Inflammation has also been connected to depression, [19] and a 2016 study found broccoli sprouts effective to “prevent or minimize the relapse by inflammation.” [20]
This same study found that the extracts of broccoli sprouts were so effective, they acted as a prophylactic that could “prevent the onset of LPS-induced depression-like behaviors” in the juvenile and adolescent mice they were testing, all the way into adulthood. [21] [note: LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is a bacterially derived inflammatory factor known to cause a wide range of health issues]. More research is being done on the phytochemicals of cruciferous vegetables and depression.
3. Pain Relief
This is some evidence that sulforaphane may have significant value in pain, or pain management. A 2000 study on female fibromyalgia patients reported that the combination of ascorbigen (derived from Vitamin C) and broccoli powder “reduces pain sensitivity and improves quality of life” [22] for patients suffering from this challenging condition.
A 2016 publication also investigated the potential for sulforaphane via broccoli sprout extract, noting “significant” antinociception [pain blocking] results, that bode well for further study into the pain relieving benefits. [23]
4. Cardioprotection
Cardiovascular problems remain a top health concern, especially in the United States. CVD, cardiovascular disease, is on the rise, with Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) injury (such as myocardial infarction (“heart attack”), stroke, and peripheral vascular disease) [24] and hypertension being main components. [25]
Research is showing that sulforaphane helps with inflammation of the arterial walls, inhibits obesity, relieves hypertension, and other conditions that are part of or lead to CVD. [26]
With regard to hypertension, a 2012 study reported sulforaphane “decreases renal and vascular oxidative stress and inflammation as well as blood pressure”, thus assisting in hypertension. r.[27] Similarly, but even more significantly, a 2006 study demonstrated the power of eating foods high in sulforaphane by observing significantly “lower blood pressure and less tissue inflammation in adulthood, regardless of their subsequent diet” in the offspring of pregnant rats fed foods rich in the compound.
Also of special note, a 2009 study in Iran in which rats were given an extract containing 2% of broccoli sprouts for ten days. “[T]he results show that a relatively short dietary treatment with broccoli sprouts can strongly protect the heart against oxidative stress and cell death caused by ischemia-reperfusion.” [29] R Which is promising, indeed!
Sulforaphane may also protect arteries from disease by boosting a natural defense mechanism in the body. [30]
5. Antioxidants
It’s well known that cruciferous vegetables, especially broccoli, are a superior source of antioxidants. There are almost 300 studies on PubMed alone, referring to these vegetables and antioxidants. [31]
One particularly interesting study was carried out on young male smokers, in which 250g/day of broccoli was consumed, for a ten-day period. At the end of the treatment, of the many observations, decreases circulating CRP (C-reactive protein) concentrations were noted. [32] This is significant because the measure of CRP indicates the level of inflammation in a body, and indirectly the oxidative stress status, with high levels of both being associated with long-term diseases.
In 2015 broccoli sprout extract was again found highly effective in reducing of oxidative stress, [33] in this case being observed to assist with healthy liver function.
6. Protection From and Elimination of Toxins
There are so many toxic substances present in our lives. Too many! Cruciferous veggies and their sulforaphane rich tissues can help, as noted in several studies.
In 2014, a randomized clinical trial recruited 291 participants from a rural area of China, an area known for high levels of air-pollution. The non-placebo group consumed a broccoli sprout-derived beverage providing daily doses of 600µmol glucoraphanin and 40 µmol sulforaphane over a 12-week period. [So essentially they were given a concentrated extract of cruciferous vegetables for three months.] Urine testing found “rapid and sustained, statistically significant” increases elimination of toxic substances in those drinking the beverage, over the placebo group. [34]
Studies have also shown sulforaphane assists in protection from and elimination of arsenic [35] and pesticides. [36] The detoxifying qualities of cruciferous vegetables is thought to be directly connected to sulforaphane’s role in activation of Nrf2, which is known to have a critical role in the metabolism and excretion of toxic substances.
7. Type II Diabetes and Insulin Resistance (IR) Support
It’s generally recognized that diet and exercise can profoundly assist with the prevention and treatment of Type II Diabetes. However, specific positive results have been seen with regard to sulforaphane and consuming cruciferous vegetables.
In particular, IR is an aspect of Type II that can cause havoc in a body. A 2016 study investigated the effects of broccoli sprout powder, containing high concentration of sulforaphane, on IR in Type II diabetic patients. In a randomized trial, 81 patients received either the high concentration of sulforaphane powder or a placebo, over four weeks. The end results gave clear indications of lowered levels of insulin resistance.[37]
Other studies have demonstrated similar results, showing decreased oxidative stress and IR and that “[s]ulforaphane could prevent nephropathy, diabetes-induced fibrosis, and vascular complications,” further empowering those with Type II Diabetes. [38] [39] [40]X x
8. Helicobacter pylori Support
The bacteria Helicobacter pylori is most famously associated with stomach ulcers, and, in many cases, gastric cancer. Our sulforaphane-laden crucifer friends happen to offer distinct support in eliminating the colonization of this organism in our bodies. [41] This is most clearly demonstrated in a 2009 study citing:
“Forty-eight H. pylori-infected patients were randomly assigned to feeding of broccoli sprouts (70 g/d; containing 420 micromol of SF precursor) for 8 weeks or to consumption of an equal weight of alfalfa sprouts (not containing SF) as placebo. Intervention with broccoli sprouts, but not with placebo, decreased the levels of urease measured by the urea breath test and H. pylori stool antigen (both biomarkers of H. pylori colonization) and serum pepsinogens I and II (biomarkers of gastric inflammation).” [42]
While the sulforaphane had measurable, positive results during the testing, levels reverted to their original amounts at the end of the two months following cessation. This indicates that continued consumption of the broccoli sprouts would have continued benefits.
Other research with sulforaphane rich sprouts reported 78% of patients showing negative stool antigen results after therapy, with 67% remaining negative another 35 days after stopping. [43] Research with human gastric xenografts on mice reported the Helicobacter pylori “completely eradicated” in 73% of the sulforaphane-treated grafts. [44]
9. Alzheimer’s Applications
Studies suggest that sulforaphane might be a promising therapeutic agent for cognitive enhancement in Alzheimer’s disease. [45]
In 2015, researchers looked at the effects of sulforaphane compounds via the administration of broccoli sprout juices of varying concentrations. They reported positive effects against the measures of two major factors implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, as well as upregulation in the intracellular glutathione content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes — both of which may contribute to improved tissue detoxification and function. [46]
10. Anti-Inflammatory Benefits
Dysfunctional inflammation has increasingly become identified to be a driving factor at the root of most, if not all, chronic illness and disease. In some form or another, somewhere, a body that is unwell, is inflamed. Luckily, nature has provided us with several remedies for this scourge of our times.
As anti-inflammatories go, sulforaphane is right up there with that king of all spices, curcumin (turmeric) giving our cruciferous vegetables the upper hand in the list of healing foods. “[T]he consumption of broccoli sprouts modulated the excretion of biomarkers linked to inflammation and vascular reactions,” [47] according to a 2015 study.
A more recent cell-based study, published in 2016 reported, “clear evidence that pre-treatment with sulforaphane completely restored the antioxidant status and prevented inflammatory responses.” [48] They went on to say, “the protection offered by sulforaphane against acrolein-induced damage in PBMC is attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.” [48]
More and more data suggests that sulforaphane may be useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and diseases. [49]
This is not, by far, an exhaustive list of the known benefits of eating your cruciferous vegetables. Studies are even showing sulforaphane has benefits for autism, which reportedly affects around 2% of Americans (mostly males) and costs the US around $100 billion, annually.
Still, cruciferous vegetables for autism?
A study at the ChemoProtection Center, home of the “Father” of sulforaphane, Paul Talalay, explains,
“The rationale for a clinical trial of sulforaphane in autism was based on evidence that autism is characterized by oxidative stress, depressed antioxidant capacity, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These pathological processes are antagonized by sulforaphane.” [50]
Seems they were right because in the resulting randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial where they examined the effects of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extract on autistic patients, they saw ‘dramatic’ improvement in 65% of those receiving it. These improvements diminished in the four weeks following the dosing period, solidifying the observed benefits of continued consumption.
This just goes to show, the tremendous benefits of eating your sulforaphane-rich cruciferous vegetables should not be underestimated. Instead, take advantage of this bounty from nature by making them a regular part of your diet.
Looking to add more cruciferous veggies to your diet? Try this Smashed Kale Salad, made with a special technique “that makes everyone go back for seconds.”
© Friday, January 27th, 2017 GreenMedInfo LLC. This work is reproduced and distributed with the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. Want to learn more fromGreenMedInfo? Sign up for the newsletter here http://www.greenmedinfo.com/greenmed/newsletter.
Sources
[accordion clicktoclose=”true”]
[accordion-item title=”Click to View Sources”]
[1] http://pages.jh.edu/jhumag/0408web/talalay.html
[2] Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho CG, Posner GH. A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli: isolation and elucidation of structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 15;89(6):2399-403. PubMed PMID: 1549603; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC48665.
[3] First Published onJune 7, 2005doi: 10.1074/jbc.X500004200August 12, 2005The Journal of Biological Chemistry280, 28829-28847. http://www.jbc.org/content/280/32/28829.full?ijkey=660623b58acfe40a52d5fcf6eaede44af286853d&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
[4] http://chemoprotectioncenter.org/meet-the-research-team/
[5] Sutaria D, Grandhi BK, Thakkar A, Wang J, Prabhu S. Chemoprevention of pancreatic cancer using solid-lipid nanoparticulate delivery of a novel aspirin, curcumin and sulforaphane drug combination regimen. Int J Oncol. 2012 Dec;41(6):2260-8. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1636. PubMed PMID: 23007664; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3583628. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23007664
[6] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4432495/
[7] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12235639
[8] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901397/
[9] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160623095250.htm
[10] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741483/#R9
[11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741483/#R10
[12] Dinkova-Kostova AT, Jenkins SN, Fahey JW, et al. Protection against UV-light-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 high-risk mice by sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout extracts. Cancer Lett. 2005 [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16271437
[13] Xu C, Huang MT, Shen G, et al. Inhibition of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Skin Tumorigenesis in C57BL/6 Mice by Sulforaphane Is Mediated by Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2. Cancer Res. 2006;66:8293–6. [PubMed] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912211
[14] Gills JJ, Jeffery EH, Matusheski NV, Moon RC, Lantvit DD, Pezzuto JM. Sulforaphane prevents mouse skin tumorigenesis during the stage of promotion. Cancer Lett. 2006;236:72–9. [PubMed] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15993536
[15] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2077285/
[16] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25186016
[17] Yichong Wang, Christopher Dacosta, Wei Wang, Zhigang Zhou, Ming Liu, Yongping Bao. Synergy between sulforaphane and selenium in protection against oxidative damage in colonic CCD841 cells. Nutr Res. 2015 May 30. Epub 2015 May 30. PMID: 26094214
[18] Wu S, Gao Q, Zhao P, Gao Y, Xi Y, Wang X, Liang Y, Shi H, Ma Y. Sulforaphane produces antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in adult mice. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Mar 15;301:55-62. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.030. PubMed PMID:
26721468. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26721468
[19] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23623252
[20] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27833054
[21] Ji-Chun Zhang, Wei Yao, Chao Dong, Chun Yang, Qian Ren, Min Ma, Mei Han, Jin Wu, Yusuke Ushida, Hiroyuki Suganuma, Kenji Hashimoto. Prophylactic effects of sulforaphane on depression-like behavior and dendritic changes in mice after inflammation. J Nutr Biochem. 2016 Oct 11 ;39:134-144. Epub 2016 Aug 11. PMID: 27833054 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27833054
[22] Bramwell B, Ferguson S, Scarlett N, Macintosh A. The use of ascorbigen in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients: a preliminary trial. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Oct;5(5):455-62. PubMed PMID: 11056415. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11056415
[23] Broccoli sprouts in analgesia – preclinical in vivo studies. Baenas N, González-Trujano ME, Guadarrama-Enríquez O, Pellicer F, García-Viguera C, Moreno DA. Food Funct. 2016 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 27966726 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27966726
[24] Sillesen H., Fuster V. Predicting coronary heart disease: from framingham risk score to ultrasound bioimaging. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. 2012;79(6):654–663. doi: 10.1002/msj.21343.[PubMed]
[25] Miao X., Yang B., Sun W., et al. Sulforaphane prevention of diabetes-induced aortic damage was associated with the up-regulation of Nrf2 and its down-stream antioxidants. Nutrition & Metabolism. 2012;9(1, article 84) doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-84. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
[26] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4637098
[27] Senanayake G. V. K., Banigesh A., Wu L., Lee P., Juurlink B. H. J. The dietary phase 2 protein inducer sulforaphane can normalize the kidney epigenome and improve blood pressure in hypertensive rats. American Journal of Hypertension. 2012;25(2):229–235. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2011.200. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22052072
[28] Noyan-Ashraf M. H., Wu L., Wang R., Juurlink B. H. J. Dietary approaches to positively influence fetal determinants of adult health. The FASEB Journal. 2006;20(2):371–373. doi: 10.1096/fj.05-4889fje. [PubMed] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354723
[29] Akhlaghi M, Bandy B. Dietary broccoli sprouts protect against myocardial oxidative damage and cell death during ischemia-reperfusion. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Sep;65(3):193-9. doi: 10.1007/s11130-010-0182-4. PubMed PMID:20706790.
[30] Zakkar M, Van der Heiden K, Luong le A, Chaudhury H, Cuhlmann S, Hamdulay SS, Krams R, Edirisinghe I, Rahman I, Carlsen H, Haskard DO, Mason JC, Evans PC. Activation of Nrf2 in endothelial cells protects arteries from exhibiting a proinflammatory state. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Nov;29(11):1851-7.doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.193375. PubMed PMID: 19729611.
[31] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=cruciferous+antioxidant
[32] Patrizia Riso, Stefano Vendrame, Cristian Del Bo’, Daniela Martini, Antonia Martinetti, Ettore Seregni, Francesco Visioli, Marina Parolini, Marisa Porrini. Effect of 10-day broccoli consumption on inflammatory status (CRP) of young healthy smokers. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Feb ;65(1):106-11. Epub 2013 Sep 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992556
[33] Masahiro Kikuchi, Yusuke Ushida, Hirokazu Shiozawa, Rumiko Umeda, Kota Tsuruya, Yudai Aoki, Hiroyuki Suganuma, Yasuhiro Nishizaki. Sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extract improves hepatic abnormalities in male subjects. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Nov 21 ;21(43):12457-67.
[34] Egner PA, Chen JG, Zarth AT, Ng DK, Wang JB, Kensler KH, Jacobson LP, Muñoz A, Johnson JL, Groopman JD, Fahey JW, Talalay P, Zhu J, Chen TY, Qian GS, Carmella SG, Hecht SS, Kensler TW. Rapid and sustainable detoxication of airborne pollutants by broccoli sprout beverage: results of a randomized clinical trial in China. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2014 Aug;7(8):813-23. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0103. PubMed PMID: 24913818; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4125483. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913818
[35] Shinkai Y, Sumi D, Fukami I, Ishii T, Kumagai Y. Sulforaphane, an activator of Nrf2, suppresses cellular accumulation of arsenic and its cytotoxicity in primary mouse hepatocytes. FEBS Lett. 2006 Mar 20;580(7):1771-4. PubMed PMID: 16516206. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16516206
[36] Alp H, Aytekin I, Hatipoglu NK, Alp A, Ogun M. Effects of sulforophane and curcumin on oxidative stress created by acute malathion toxicity in rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012 Jul;16 Suppl 3:144-8. PubMed PMID: 22957429.
[37] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537070
[38] Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Potential efficacy of broccoli sprouts as a unique supplement for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Med Food. 2013 May;16(5):375-82. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2559. Review. PubMed PMID: 23631497.
[39] Jiménez-Osorio AS, González-Reyes S, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Natural Nrf2 activators in diabetes. Clin Chim Acta. 2015 Aug 25;448:182-92. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2015.07.009. Review. PubMed PMID: 26165427.
[40] Jayakumar T., Chen W.-F., Lu W.-J., et al. A novel antithrombotic effect of sulforaphane via activation of platelet adenylate cyclase: ex vivo and in vivo studies. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2013;24(6):1086–1095. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.007. [PubMed]
[41] Yanaka A, Fahey JW, Fukumoto A, Nakayama M, Inoue S, Zhang S, Tauchi M, Suzuki H, Hyodo I, Yamamoto M. Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice and humans. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009 Apr;2(4):353-60. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0192. PubMed PMID: 19349290. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349290
[42] Akinori Yanaka, Jed W Fahey, Atsushi Fukumoto, Mari Nakayama, Souta Inoue, Songhua Zhang, Masafumi Tauchi, Hideo Suzuki, Ichinosuke Hyodo, Masayuki Yamamoto. Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice and humans. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa). 2009 Apr;2(4):353-60.
[43] Galan MV, Kishan AA, Silverman AL. Oral broccoli sprouts for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci. 2004
Aug;49(7-8):1088-90. PubMed PMID: 15387326.
[44] Haristoy X, Angioi-Duprez K, Duprez A, Lozniewski A. Efficacy of sulforaphane in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in human gastric xenografts implanted in nude mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Dec;47(12):3982-4. PubMed PMID: 14638516; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC296232.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14638516
[45] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27255600
[46] Ye Won An, Kyoung A Jhang, So-Youn Woo, Jihee Lee Kang, Young Hae Chong. Sulforaphane exerts its anti-inflammatory effect against amyloid-β peptide via STAT-1 dephosphorylation and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 cascade in human THP-1 macrophages. Neurobiol Aging. 2016 Feb ;38:1-10. Epub 2015 Oct 23. PMID: 26827637
[47] Sonia Medina, Raúl Domínguez-Perles, Diego A Moreno, Cristina García-Viguera, Federico Ferreres, José Ignacio Gil, Ángel Gil-Izquierdo. The intake of broccoli sprouts modulates the inflammatory and vascular prostanoids but not the oxidative stress-related isoprostanes in healthy humans. Food Chem. 2015 Apr 15 ;173:1187-94. Epub 2014 Nov 7. PMID: 25466142
[48] Wang-Sen Qin, Yu-Hui Deng, Fa-Cai Cui. Sulforaphane protects against acrolein-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses: modulation of Nrf-2 and COX-2 expression. Arch Med Sci. 2016 Aug 1 ;12(4):871-80. Epub 2016 Jul 1. PMID: 27478470
[49] Xi-Lin Chen, Geraldine Dodd, Charles Kunsch. Sulforaphane inhibits TNF-alpha-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase and VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression in endothelial cells. Inflamm Res. 2009 Aug;58(8):513-21. Epub 2009 Mar 11. PMID: 19277846
[50] http://chemoprotectioncenter.org/accomplishments/clinical-trial-of-sulforaphane-in-autism/
[/accordion-item]
[/accordion]